Emerging and Remerging Diseases
Burundi faces critical research and response gaps regarding emerging infectious diseases. Surveillance systems remain fragmented, with weak integration across human, animal, and environmental health sectors—particularly for zoonotic threats such as Rift Valley fever, Ebola, and taeniasis.
The absence of genomic and phylodynamic research impedes tracking of pathogen evolution, especially in border areas with high mobility. Meanwhile, climate-sensitive diseases like dengue and chikungunya are under-studied, despite growing evidence of vector proliferation. Diagnostic capacity remains limited due to insufficient laboratory infrastructure and trained personnel.
Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is scarce, complicating treatment strategies. Vulnerable populations—such as displaced communities—are often excluded from surveillance and epidemiological studies, leaving gaps in risk mapping. Furthermore, there is minimal research linking climate change, land use, and disease emergence, which weakens predictive and preventive capacities.
Key emerging and re-emerging disease threats:
- Polio: Despite global near-eradication, Burundi remains vulnerable due to low immunization coverage and cross-border transmission. Sporadic cases of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) have been reported.
- Mpox: Since the first confirmed case in July 2024, over 2,300 mpox infections were reported by December. The outbreak, driven by Clade Ib, is worsened by stigma, weak diagnostics, and limited public awareness.
- Cholera: Recurring outbreaks linked to poor sanitation, climate shocks, and displacement. Burundi is one of 12 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa currently affected, with children disproportionately impacted.
- Measles: Resurgence due to declining immunization and disrupted health services. Outbreaks are concentrated in underserved and remote regions, threatening child survival.
These complex health threats highlight the urgent need for integrated surveillance systems, community engagement, and cross-sectoral coordination. Strengthening Burundi’s preparedness and response capacity will require investment in One Health frameworks, regional collaboration, and predictive modeling to anticipate and contain outbreaks.